Overview
Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition causing dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It is most common in children but can persist into adulthood or begin at any age. Eczema often occurs alongside asthma and hay fever as part of the atopic triad. While eczema cannot be cured, it can be effectively managed through consistent skin care, moisturising, and avoiding triggers.
Causes and risk factors
The following factors are associated with the development of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis):
- Genetic mutations affecting the filaggrin protein
- Immune system overreaction
- Compromised skin barrier function
- Allergens: dust mites, pet dander, pollen
- Irritants: soaps, detergents, fragrances
- Low humidity and cold weather
- Food allergies in some children
- Stress and hormonal changes
- Wool or synthetic fabrics
- Microbiome imbalances
Signs and symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) include:
- Dry, sensitive, inflamed skin
- Intense itching especially at night
- Red to brownish-grey patches
- Small raised bumps that weep and crust
- Thickened, cracked, or scaly skin
- Raw, swollen skin from scratching
- Rash in skin folds: elbows, knees, wrists
- Rash on cheeks and scalp in infants
Diagnosis
Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and appropriate investigations such as blood tests, imaging, or specialist review, depending on the specific condition and presentation. Your doctor will consider all relevant symptoms and risk factors before making a diagnosis.
Treatment options
Treatment approaches for Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) may include:
- Emollient moisturisers applied frequently
- Topical corticosteroids for flares
- Topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus)
- Topical PDE4 inhibitors (crisaborole)
- Dupilumab biologic injection for severe cases
- Antihistamines for night-time itch relief
- Antibiotics for infected eczema
- Phototherapy
- Wet wrapping during severe flares
Prevention
Moisturise daily, use mild unscented products, wear soft natural fabrics, avoid known triggers, keep nails short to prevent scratching damage.
Complications
If left untreated or poorly managed, Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) can lead to complications including:
Secondary infections, sleep disturbance, depression and anxiety, eczema herpeticum — a severe viral infection requiring urgent treatment.
Sources and references: This article is written in accordance with NHS UK, WHO, and Mayo Clinic clinical guidelines. It is reviewed for accuracy by the SymptomSense content team. ICD-10 code: L20. Last reviewed June 2026.