Overview
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition affecting how the body processes blood sugar (glucose). Unlike type 1 diabetes, the body still produces insulin but cannot use it effectively (insulin resistance). It is the most common form of diabetes and is strongly associated with lifestyle factors including diet and physical inactivity, though genetic predisposition also plays a significant role. Early detection and management can prevent or delay complications.
Causes and risk factors
The following factors are associated with the development of Type 2 Diabetes:
- Insulin resistance — cells do not respond properly to insulin
- Overweight or obesity, particularly abdominal fat
- Physical inactivity
- Family history and genetic factors
- Age over 45 — risk increases significantly
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- History of gestational diabetes
- Prediabetes — blood sugar above normal
- South Asian, African-Caribbean, or Middle Eastern ethnicity
Signs and symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes include:
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination especially at night
- Unusual tiredness
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing cuts or wounds
- Frequent infections
- Tingling or numbness in hands or feet
- Unexplained weight loss
- Increased hunger
Diagnosis
Type 2 Diabetes is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and appropriate investigations such as blood tests, imaging, or specialist review, depending on the specific condition and presentation. Your doctor will consider all relevant symptoms and risk factors before making a diagnosis.
Treatment options
Treatment approaches for Type 2 Diabetes may include:
- Healthy eating, regular exercise, weight loss as foundation
- Metformin — first-line medication
- SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin, dapagliflozin)
- GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, liraglutide)
- Sulfonylureas — stimulate insulin production
- Insulin therapy if oral medications insufficient
- Regular blood glucose monitoring
- Annual eye, foot, and kidney screening
Prevention
Maintain healthy weight, eat balanced diet low in refined sugars, exercise 150 minutes per week, avoid smoking, limit alcohol, have regular blood sugar checks.
Complications
If left untreated or poorly managed, Type 2 Diabetes can lead to complications including:
Heart disease, nerve damage, kidney disease, eye damage, foot problems, and increased risk of dementia.
Sources and references: This article is written in accordance with NHS UK, WHO, and Mayo Clinic clinical guidelines. It is reviewed for accuracy by the SymptomSense content team. ICD-10 code: E11. Last reviewed June 2026.